{"id":4854,"date":"2026-02-12T08:58:06","date_gmt":"2026-02-12T08:58:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.stalin-line.by\/reaktivnye-systemy\/"},"modified":"2026-02-25T08:35:31","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T08:35:31","slug":"reaktivnye-systemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stalin-line.by\/en\/reaktivnye-systemy\/","title":{"rendered":"Soviet Multiple Rocket Launcher Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tRocket artillery is a type of field artillery that uses unguided rockets to engage targets. As these rockets have considerable dispersion, the required effectiveness is achieved by using multiple launchers to fire salvos at area and group targets. The exhibition at the Stalin Line Historical and Cultural Complex currently features three multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS): the BM-13 Katyusha, BM-14 and BM-21 Grad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<strong>BM-13 Katyusha Rocket Artillery Combat Vehicle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tBM stands for combat vehicle, while 13 denotes the calibre in centimetres. The BM-13 soon became known among Soviet soldiers as the Katyusha, after the heroine of a song that was popular at the time. On 21 June 1941, the launcher was demonstrated to the leaders of the Communist Party and the Soviet government. That same day, just hours before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, a decision was taken to begin urgent serial production of the M-13 rockets and their launcher.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tThe combat vehicle fired a salvo of 16 rockets in 7\u201310 seconds and took 5\u20138 minutes to reload. It could be brought from travelling to firing position in no more than 2\u20133 minutes. Soviet ZiS-5 and ZiS-6 vehicles, as well as Studebaker and Ford-Marmon vehicles supplied under Lend-Lease, were used as the base chassis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tA fire-control panel was fitted opposite the combat vehicle commander\u2019s seat. A wiring harness connected the panel to a dedicated battery and each launch rail. One turn of the panel handle closed the electrical circuit, activated the pyrotechnic igniter, ignited the rocket propellant and launched the rocket.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tThe Katyusha received its baptism of fire with a battery commanded by Captain Ivan Andreyevich Flyorov. At 15:15 on 14 July 1941, the battery\u2019s first salvo obliterated the Orsha railway junction, together with the German trains stationed there. The exceptional effectiveness of Captain Flyorov\u2019s battery helped to accelerate the production of rocket weapons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<strong>140 mm BM-14-16 Multiple Launch Rocket System<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/images\/exposition\/Ploschadka-boevoj-techniki\/Reaktivnye-sistemy\/BM -14-16-IMG_0736.jpg\" style=\"width: 800px; height: 600px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tThe BM-14-16 multiple launch rocket system entered service with the Soviet Army in 1952. BM stands for combat vehicle, 14 denotes the rocket calibre in centimetres, and 16 the number of launch tubes. The launcher was produced on ZiL-157, ZiL-131 and GAZ-63A cross-country vehicle chassis.<br \/>\n\tThe launcher assembly comprises sixteen smooth-bore tubes arranged in two rows of eight. A salvo takes 7\u201310 seconds. Firing is controlled from the vehicle cab or by means of a remote-control unit. The launcher has a crew of seven. On the march, the vehicle commander and driver sit in the cab, while the other crew members occupy open seats fitted behind it. The system fires 140 mm unguided spin-stabilised rockets.<br \/>\n\tThis system was produced by the Soviet defence industry for many years. In addition to the Soviet Army, it entered service with the Warsaw Pact countries, as well as Algeria, Angola, Egypt, North Korea and Vietnam. The BM-14-16 remains in service in many of these countries today.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<strong>122 mm BM-21 Grad Multiple Launch Rocket System (9K51)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"\/images\/exposition\/Ploschadka-boevoj-techniki\/Reaktivnye-sistemy\/BM-21.JPG\" style=\"width: 800px; height: 600px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tThe BM-21 Grad multiple launch rocket system entered service with the Soviet Army in 1963.<br \/>\n\tIt is designed to engage exposed and sheltered personnel, unarmoured vehicles and armoured personnel carriers in concentration areas, artillery and mortar batteries, command posts and other targets.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\tThe artillery unit comprises an assembly of 40 launch tubes. The laying mechanisms allow the launcher assembly to be elevated to +55 degrees. Its horizontal traverse is 172 degrees: 102 degrees to the left of the vehicle and 70 degrees to the right. A 122 mm unguided rocket was developed for the Grad system. Its maximum range is almost 21 kilometres. A full salvo takes 20 seconds. If necessary, a salvo could be fired not from the cab,<br \/>\n\tbut from a remote-control unit. The system can fire within a wide temperature range, from \u221240 to +50 \u00b0C.<br \/>\n\tThe launcher is mounted on the chassis of a Ural-375D cross-country lorry. On roads, it can reach a speed of 75 km\/h. Its operational range is 750 km.<br \/>\n\tThe BM-21 Grad is currently in service with the armed forces of more than 30 countries worldwide.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f &#8212; \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438 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